Iran since 1979: A timeline of crises 

The protests in Iran are grabbing headlines, with the government and the opposition accusing each other of escalating violence. The government also says that foreign interference is behind the protests.

It is the latest round of demonstrations against Iran’s governing system since the 1979 revolution that toppled the shah and ushered in an Islamic republic.

But the country has also faced other crises, including earthquakes, war, sanctions, nuclear tensions, regional interventions and political drama.

Here is a timeline of some of the major events from the last five decades.

1979

February: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returns after 14 years of exile in Iraq and France.

April: After a referendum, Iran is declared an Islamic republic

November: The United States imposes its first sanctions on Iran, justified by the seizure of American hostages held at the US Embassy in Tehran. The US had supported the the overthrown shah, or monarch, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and, earlier, helped depose the democratically elected prime minister, Mohammad Mosaddegh, in a 1953 coup, also supported by US and UK intelligence agencies.

1980

September: Iraq invades Iran. Estimates put the war’s death toll at approximately 500,000, with Iran suffering the heavier losses. The war was defined by large-scale trenches, machineguns and bayonet uses, similar to World War I. However, Iraq also used chemical weapons against Iranians and Iraqi Kurds.

1981

January: All remaining US hostages are released, ending the Iranian hostage crisis.

June: A bombing at the Islamic Republican Party headquarters in Tehran kills dozens of senior officials, including the head of the judiciary, Mohammad Beheshti, regarded as the second-most important person in Iran after Khomeini.

August: President Mohammad-Ali Rajai and Prime Minister Mohammad Javad Bahonar are assassinated in a bombing attack on a meeting in Tehran. Authorities blame the leftist revolutionary-minded opposition Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK) group, which had faced a crackdown the previous year.

1982

June: Israel invades Lebanon. Iran starts funding what will become the Lebanese resistance movement, Hezbollah.

1988

July: The USS Vincennes, a US Navy guided missile cruiser, shoots down a civilian Iran Air Airbus plane over the Gulf, killing all 290 people on board.

August: A ceasefire begins between Iran and Iraq after United Nations-brokered negotiations.

1989

June: Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini dies on June 3.

His successor, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, is chosen by the Assembly of Experts the next day.

1990

June: Iran is hit by a major earthquake. About 40,000 people are killed.

1995

March and May: The US imposes oil and trade sanctions on Iran. It accuses Iran of sponsoring “terrorism” and seeking nuclear arms.

1998

September: The Taliban admits that eight Iranian diplomats and a journalist had been killed in Afghanistan the previous month, during the group’s takeover of the northern city of Mazar-i-Sharif. Iran deploys thousands of troops to its shared border with Afghanistan in response.

2002

January: US President George W Bush names Iran part of the “axis of evil”, alongside North Korea and Iraq, saying the countries are supporters of “terrorism”.

2003

March: The US invades Iraq. Iran begins financing and supporting Shia militias and political groups on the ground. Its influence over such groups is still prevalent today.

November: Iran announces it will suspend its uranium enrichment programme and allow more thorough UN inspections of its nuclear sites. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) says there is no evidence of a nuclear weapons programme. This openness is a change after Iranian officials had blocked or impeded past inspections.

December: The Bam earthquake in southern Iran kills up to 40,000 people

2006

December: the UN Security Council (UNSC) imposes sanctions on Iran’s trade in sensitive nuclear materials and technology, after Iran failed to suspend its nuclear programme in exchange for diplomatic and economic incentives from Germany and the five permanent UNSC members – France, China, Russia, the UK, and the US.

2007

October: The US adds additional, increasingly tough sanctions on Iran

2010

June: The UNSC imposes a fourth round of sanctions on Iran over its nuclear programme. The sanctions include an expanded arms embargo and stricter financial regulations.

September: Iran accuses Israel and the US of infecting its nuclear power plant systems after discovering malware on systems used by staff in the nuclear sector.

2011

March: The regime of President Bashar al-Assad in Syria, an Iranian ally, brutally represses a popular uprising that started in March on the back of the Arab Spring protests. Later in the year, the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) sends Iranian and foreign militias to support al-Assad.

2012

January: The European Union begins boycotting Iranian oil exports.

September: The IAEA claims it is obstructed from inspecting Iran’s Parchin military site and that Iran has increased the amount of nuclear centrifuges enriching uranium, raising fears that the country is getting closer to obtaining a nuclear weapon.

October: The Iranian rial falls to a record low against the US dollar, losing 80 percent of its value since 2011, largely due to international sanctions.

2015

July: Iran comes to an agreement with the administration of US President Barack Obama, as well as the UK, France, Russia, China and the EU, to limit its nuclear programme in return for sanctions relief. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) is widely referred to as the nuclear deal, and the agreement leads to celebrations from Iranians, hoping for an end to the country’s isolation.

2018

May: Obama’s successor, President Donald Trump, withdraws the US from the nuclear deal, arguing that the JCPOA is too lenient on Iran and should be replaced by a “better deal”.

2020

January: Qassem Soleimani, the leader of the IRGC’s Quds Force, is assassinated by a US drone strike in Baghdad.

2024

April: Israel bombs Iran’s embassy in Damascus, killing seven people, including two IRGC generals.

May: Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi dies in a helicopter crash in the country’s East Azerbaijan province.

July: Hamas chief Ismael Haniyeh is assassinated in Tehran, with Israel widely regarded as being behind the attack.

2025

June: Israel attacks Iran, starting a 12-day war between the two sides that kills at least 610 Iranians and 28 Israelis.